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Fragmentation Considered Harmful
Christopher A. Kent
Jeffrey C. Mogul

December, 1987

d i g i t a l Western Research Laboratory   100 Hamilton Avenue   Palo Alto, California 94301 USA

Internetworks can be built from many different kinds of networks,
with varying  limits  on  maximum  packet  size.   
Throughput is usually maximized when the largest possible packet is sent;
unfortunately, some routes can carry only very small packets.
The IP protocol allows a gateway to fragment a packet if it is too large to be transmitted.  

Fragmentation is at best a necessary  evil;
it  can  lead  to  poor  performance  or  complete  communication failure. 
There  are  a  variety  of  ways  to  reduce  the  likelihood  of  fragmentation;
some  can  be  incorporated  into  existing  IP  implementations  without
changes  in  protocol  specifications.    
Others  require  new  protocols,  or modifications to existing protocols.

This  paper  is  a  revised  version  of  one  published  in Proceedings  of  Frontiers  in  Computer
Communications Technology, ACM SIGCOMM ’87, Stowe, Vermont, August, 1987.

Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided